Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi

Name of the Scientist: Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi

Life Period: 865 A.D-925 A.D

Profession: Physician, Philosopher, Medician

Physician, philosopher, alchemist, musician, and mathematician, born in Rayy, Persia, called Rhazes in the West. He was born in the year 865 in the Persian city of Rayy, near present-day Tehran, and died in the same town about 925. Before learning medicine, he studied philosophy, alchemy, and music. At an early age he gained eminence as an expert in medicine and alchemy, and patients and students flocked to him from distant parts of Asia.
He studied medicine under Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, known as Ali ibn Rabban al-Tabari or Ali ibn Sahl, (Cf. al-Qifti, Usaibi'ah), a physician and philosopher born in Merv about 192 AH (808 C.E.) (d. approx. 240 AH (855 C.E.)). Ali ibn Sahl belonged to the medical school of Tabaristan or Hyrcania).
He was first placed in charge of the first Royal Hospital at Rayy, from where he soon moved to a similar position in Baghdad and became head of its famous Muqtadari Hospital. He moved from time to time to various cities, especially between Rayy and Baghdad, but finally returned to Rayy, where he died . His name is commemorated in the Razi Institute near Tehran. He also served as physician at the Samanid court in Central Asia.

Razi wrote on many different subjects. His general medical textbook, Kitab al-Mansuri fi al-tibb (The Book of Medicine for Mansur) was written for the Samanid ruler of Rayy, Abu Salih al-Mansur. His voluminous working files of readings and personal observations were assembled posthumously by his students and circulated under the name Kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb (The Comprehensive Book on Medicine). Over 1,000 of his case histories are also preserved today, and they provide an important insight into the working life of the greatest medieval clinician. Kitab al-Mansuri, which was translated into Latin in the 15th century C.E., comprised ten volumes and dealt exhaustively with Greco-Arab medicine. Some of its volumes were published separately in Europe. His al-Judari wal Hasabah was the first treatise on smallpox and chicken-pox, and was the first to draw clear comparisons between smallpox and chicken-pox. Al-Hawi was the largest medical encyclopaedia ever composed at the time, containing on each medical subject all important information that was available from Greek and Arab sources.

In addiiton to his clinical work, Razi was also a researcher. He portrayed in great detail several chemical reactions and also given full descriptions of and designs for about twenty instruments used in chemical investigations. His description of chemical knowledge was translated into Latin and used for many years as the source for chemistry. He was the first to produce sulfuric acid together with some other acids, and he also prepared alcohol by fermenting sweet products. In the biology area, Razi developed a primitive classification system; dividing substances into plants, animals and minerals, thus in a way opening the way for inorganic and organic chemistry.

Razi was a rationalist and very confident in the power of ratiocination; he was widely regarded by his contemporaries and biographers as liberal, free of prejudice, and bold in expressing his ideas.[citation needed]

His eye affliction started with cataracts and ended in total blindness. During that time he was approached by a physician offering an ointment to cure his blindness. Al-Razi then asked him how many layers does the eye contain and when he was unable to answer he refused his services and the ointment stating "my eyes will not be treated by one who does not know the basics of its anatomy".[12] One of his pupils from Tabaristan came to look after him, but, according to al-Biruni, he refused to be treated, proclaiming it was useless as his hour of death was approaching. Some days later he died in Rey, on the 5th of Sha'ban 313 AH (27 October 925).

Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik ibn Abi al-Ala Zuhr (1091-1161)

Name Of Scientist-Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik ibn Abi al-Ala Zuhr

Life period- 1091-1161 (or 1092-1162)


Profession-:Surgeon and Physician


Contribution- Al-Taisir Fil-Mudawat Wal-Tadbeer (Book of Simplification Concerning Therapeutics and Diet)


Ibn-Zuhr  also called as AVENZOAR born in Sevilla (Spain) one of the medieval Islam's foremost thinkers and the "Greatest Medical Clinician" of the western caliphate.

In his Taysir fi al-mudawat wa al-tadbir (“Practical Manual of Treatments and Diet”), later translated into Hebrew and Latin, he described serious pericarditis (inflammation of the membranous sac surrounding the heart) and mediastinal abscesses (affecting the organs and tissues in the thoracic cavity above the diaphragm, excluding the lungs) and outlined surgical procedures for tracheotomy, excision of cataracts, and removal of kidney stones. He also discussed excessive contraction and dilation of the pupil (miosis and mydriasis) and advocated use of the narcotic plant Mandragora for treatment of ocular disease.

Ibn Zuhr 's unique experiment performing a tracheotomy on a goat, proved the safety of this operation in humans and represented a further step in the development of the experimental school started by Al-Razi (Rhazes) of Baghdad in the ninth century who is known to have given monkeys doses of mercury to test it as a drug for human use. Ibn Zuhr also performed post mortems on sheep in the course of his clinical research on treatment of ulcerating diseases of the lungs. Same as all his predecessors in the Islamic Era, he stressed the importance of a practical and sound knowledge of anatomy for surgical trainees. Furthermore, Ibn Zuhr insisted on a well supervised and structured training program for the surgeon-to-be, before allowing him to operate independently. He also drew the red lines at which a physician should stop, during his general management of a surgical condition; a step forward in the evolution of general surgery as a specialty of its own. He believed in prophylaxis against urinary stone disease and reported the importance of dietary management for that purpose.

Ibn Zuhr made several breakthroughs as a physician. He was the first to test different medicines on animals before administering them to humans. Also, he was the first to describe in detail scabies, the itch mite, and is thus regarded as the first parasitologist. He was also the first to give a full description of the operation of tracheotomy and practiced direct feeding through the gullet in those cases where normal feeding was not possible. As a clinician, he provided clinical descriptions of intestinal phthisis, inflammation of the middle ear, peri carditis, and mediastinal tumors among others.

'The Book of Simplication concerning Therapeutics and Diet. It contains many of his original contributions. This book discusses pathological conditions and therapy in detail. the second book 

'Kitab al-Iqtisad fi Islah Al-Anfus wa al-Ajsad (translated as the 'Book of the Middle Course concerning  the Reformation of Souls and the Bodies') summarizes differnt diseases, therapeutics and the hygiene. It also discusses the role of psychology in the treatment. The third book 'Kitab al-Aghziya (Book on Foodstuffs) discusses numerous drugs, and the importance of food and nutrition. 

Mashrabia

Mashrabiya work, for those who are unfamiliar with it, is a most sophisticated wood work and at the same time, very beautiful. It is used mainly in decorating windows from outside but it can also be used inside the house as well. It was first used in the Islamic period in Egypt and flourished during the Fatimid Period. Today, Mashrabiya is primarily decorative, but historically it might be considered an early form of tented windows. It allowed someone from the inside to look out without being seen. Hence, the mashrabiya screens were frequently used to cover the windows of the women's quarters within homes, as well as for other similar purposes.

Mashrabiya screens were particularly suitable to Egypt, where quality wood is in short supply, but small trees could be cut up into the pieces needed for mashrabiya work.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/henna-und-mehr/3309149762/

فنگر پرنٹ ان قرآن

فنگر پرنٹ ان قرآن

کافر یہ دلیل پیش کرتے تھے کہ آد می مر کر مٹی میں مل جاتا ہے اس کی ہڈیاں گل سڑ جاتی ہیں روز قیامت کو اللہ انہیں کیسے زندہ کرےگا۔ اس کے جواب میں اللہ تعالیٰ فرماتا ہے کہ :" وہ نہ صرف ہماری ہڈیاں دوبارہ جوڑ سکتا ہے بلکہ ہماری انگلیوں کی پور تک ٹھیک بنانے میں قادر ہے" قرآن نے انگلیوں کے پور(فنگرپرنٹ) کی کیوں بات کی؟ ۱۹۸۰ عیسویں میں سر فرآنس گولٹ نے تحقیق سر انجام دی تھی اور اس تحقیق کی روشنی میں فنگر پرنٹ کو شناخت کا ایک سائنسی طریقہ کار قرار دیا گیا تھا ۔ دنیا بھر میں کوئ بھی دو اشخاص فنگر پرنٹ کے حامل نہی حتیٰ کہ جڑواں پیدا ہونے والے بچے بھی ایک جیسے فنگر پرنٹ کے حامل نہیں ہوتے۔ یہی وجہ ہے کہ دنیا بھر کی پولیس مجرموں کی شناخت کے لیے فنگر پرنٹ سے استفادہ حاصل کرتی ہے۔ ۱۴۰۰ برس بیشتر انسانی فنگر پرنٹ کی اس حقیقت سے ہمارے خالق کے سوا اور کون واقف ہو سکتا ہے۔ صرف ہمارا خالق اس حقیقت سے واقف تھا۔

"کیا انسان ےہ خیال کرتا ہے کہ ہم اسکی ہڈیوں کو ہرگز اکھکٹا نہیں کریں گے ، کیوں نہیں!

ہم تو اس بات پر بھی قادر ہیں کی اس کی انگلیں کے پوروں تک درست کر دیں گے۔

القرآن سورہ القیامہ آیت نمبر ۴،۳"

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The People of ‘Ad and Ubar, the Atlantis of the Sands

NASA satellites reveals the city of Iram
In a very significant Quranic story about perished nations Quran mentioned the people called Aad, they had lived in a region called by Quran Al-ahqaf, and they had built a city with very huge pillars called iram.
Allah sent his messenger Hud to the “Aad’s” people to call them not to worship Idols and believe in Allah the creator of the heavens and earth, but they denied and insisted on their ignorance and delusion. Hud said to them
O my people, worship God. There is no one other than Him. The other notions you have are all false. He is the only true God. I ask you to worship Him, I ask nothing for myself. My reward is with Him who has fashioned me. Will you not understand this? Seek His forgiveness and remember His bounties, and do not revert to your evil ways. [Quran 11:50-52]
But they persisted in their unbelief and told Hud: You have brought us no clear Signs save what you are telling us. How can we abandon our gods? It seems some of our gods have smitten you with evil so that you go on the wrong path. [Quran 11:53-54]
Hud answered them: I swear by my Lord that I am not guilty of your charge. I believe only in my Lord; To me no one else matters and none can delude me and make me go against Him. Nothing moves without His will; His path alone is the right path. If you do not respond to my call and turn away from the Lord, the loss will be yours, not His. In your place He will bring others, for He has control over all things, He watches over all that happens. [Quran 11:54-57]
Quran emphasis that these people had built a significant city with very huge pillars in Al-Ahqaf region which is thought to be at the south of the Arabic Peninsula.
Do you not see what your Lord did with ‘Ad * Iram of the Columns whose like was not created in any land? (Qur’an, 89:6-8)


But at the time of Quran revelation from 1400 years there was no sign to this city, so some people have questioned this city and said it was a legendary city, but from about two decades there was a breakthrough in proving the facts mentioned by Quran a bout this amazing city.
The remains of the city of Ubar, where ‘Ad lived, were found somewhere near to the coasts of Oman.
THE CITY OF IRAM
At the beginning of 1990, press-releases in the well-known newspapers of the world declared “Fabled Lost Arabian city found,” “Arabian city of Legend found” and “The Atlantis of the Sands, Ubar.” What rendered this archaeological find particularly intriguing was the fact that this city is mentioned in the Qur’an. Many people had previously suggested ‘Ad was a legend or that the location in question could never be found. Such people could not conceal their astonishment at this phenomenal discovery.
It was Nicholas Clapp, a noted documentary filmmaker and a lecturer on archaeology, who found this legendary city mentioned in the Qur’an. Being an Arabophile and a winning documentary film maker, Clapp had come across a very interesting book during his research on Arabian history. This book was Arabia Felix, written by the English researcher Bertram Thomas in 1932. Arabia Felix was the Roman designation for the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula which today includes Yemen and much of Oman. The Greeks called this area “Eudaimon Arabia” and medieval Arab scholars called it “Al-Yaman as-Saeed.” All of these names mean “Happy Yemen,” because the people living in that region used to serve as middlemen in the lucrative spice trade between India and places north of the Arabian Peninsula. In addition, the people living in this region produced and distributed “frankincense,” an aromatic resin from rare trees.
The English researcher Thomas described these tribes at length and claimed that he found the traces of an ancient city founded by one of these tribes. This was the city known as “Ubar” by the Bedouins. In one of the trips he made to the region, the Bedouins living in the desert had shown him well-worn tracks and stated that these tracks led toward the ancient city of Ubar. Thomas, who showed great interest in the subject, died before being able to complete his research.
Whole societies have passed away before your time, so travel about the earth and see the final fate of the deniers. (Qur’an, 3:137)

               http://www.facebook.com/zainulabdin.initiative/ - Admin of Islam and Science

The geometric patterns

The geometric patterns that are the basis of the Şehzade Mosque in Istanbul, built in 1543 by Mimar Sinan.

http://lostislamichistory.com/the-greatest-architect-of-all-time/

al-Jazari built an automatic water-powered clock

In the 1100s, the Muslim inventor al-Jazari built an automatic water-powered clock in the shape of an elephant that helped keep time by striking a cymbal every 30 minutes. A modern replica exists in Dubai's Ibn Battuta Mall.

CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE ACCORDING TO QUR'AN: THE BIG BANG

The creation of the universe is explained by astrophysicists as a widely accepted phenomenon, popularly known as the "big bang". It is supported by observational and experimental data gathered by astronomers and astrophysicist for decades. According to the 'big bang', the whole universe was initially one big mass(primary nebula). Then there was a big bang(secondary separation) which resulted in the formation of galaxies. These then divided to form stars, planets, the sun, the moon, etc. The origin of the universe was unique and the probability of it happening by 'chance' is nil.

The Quran contains contains the following verse regarding the origin of the universe. 

"Do not the Unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were joined together (as one unit of creation), before

We clove them asunder?"

[AL-QURAN 21:30]

The striking similarity between the Quranic verse and the 'big bang' is inescapable!

How could a book, which first appeared ion the deserts of arabia 1400 years ago, contains this profound scientific truth?

LIFESTYLE AND COMMUNICATION OF ANTS IN GLORIOUS QUR'AN

“And before Solomon were
marshalled his hosts –
of Jinns and men and birds,
and they were all kept
in order and ranks.
“At length, when they came
to a (lowly) valley of ants,
one of the ants said :
‘O ye ants, get into
your habitations,
lest Solomon and his hosts
crush you (under foot)
without knowing it.’”

[Al-Qur’an 27:17-18]

In the past, some people would have probably
mocked at the Qur’an, taking it to be a book of fairy
tales in which ants talk to each other and
communicate sophisticated messages. In recent
times however, research has shown us several facts
about the lifestyle of ants, which were not known
earlier to humankind. Research has shown that the
animals or insects whose lifestyle is closest in
resemblance to the lifestyle of human beings are the
ants. This can be seen from the following findings
regarding ants:



(a) The ants bury their dead in a manner similar
to the humans.


(b) They have a sophisticated system of division
of labour, whereby they have managers,
supervisors, foremen, workers, etc.


(c) Once in a while they meet among themselves
to have a ‘chat’.


(d) They have an advanced method of
communication among themselves.


(e) They hold regular ‘markets’ where they
exchange goods.


(f) They store grain for long periods in winter and
if the grain begins to bud, they cut the roots, as
if they understand that if they leave it to grow,
it will rot. If the grain stored by them gets wet
due to rains, they take it out into the sunlight
to dry, and once dry, they take it back inside
as though they know that humidity will cause
development of root systems which will cause the grain to rot.

Now! how this profound scientific truth came in Qur'an before 1400 years ago?

Ibn Al-Jazzar (Introduction, achievement, contribution)

Ibn Al-Jazzar

Name of the Scientist- Ahmed Bin Jaafar Bin Ibrahim Ibn Al Jazzar

Life Period-  895-979

Profession- Physician (Mahir-e-Tibb)

Ahmad was  a physician who was born and who practiced in Qayrawan in the tenth century, is the author of a number of medical works, the most famous of which is his Zad-al-musafir (Viaticum) which was translated into Latin, Greek and Hebrew.

 Ibn Al-Jazzar was an example of a scholar who devoted his whole life to his profession. He received patients in his home, helped by his assistant, who prepared the prescription of his master and collected the fees. He remained a bachelor and lived to an old age.

He is the author of a number of medical works, the most famous of which is his Zad almusafir wa-qut al-hadir (Provisions for the Traveller and the Nourishment of the Settled). This influential medical compendium in seven parts is for the most part still in manuscript. Only the sixth part, on sexual diseases, and a section of the seventh part, on fevers, are in the process of being printed in critical editions and with English translations.

In addition to this medical compendium, Ibn al-Jazzar composed some minor treatises. One, entitled Risala fi 'l-nisyan wa- ilajihi (On Forgetfulness and its Treatment), was published recently. Another, virtually unnoticed until now, is his Tibb alfuqara wa 'l-masakin (Medicine for the Poor and Destitute).

Ibn Al Jazzar wrote a number of books. They deal with grammar, history, jurisprudence, prosody, etc. Many of these books, quoted by different authors are lost. 

lbn AI-Jazzar wrote The Diseases of the Stomach and Their Treatment.

He also had some books on geriatric medicine and health of elderly (Kitāb Ṭibb al-Mashāyikh) or (Ṭibb al-Mashāyikh wa-ḥifẓ ṣiḥḥatihim). Also a book on sleep disorders and another one on forgetfulness and how to strengthen memory (Kitāb al-Nisyān wa-Ṭuruq Taqwiyat (al-Dhākira)and a Treatise on causes of mortality (Risāla fī Asbāb al-Wafāh).

Short article on Al-Kindi.

Name Of Scientist: Al-Kindi (Abu Yusuf Ya‘qub ibn Is-haq Al-Kindi )

Time Period : 801A.D-873 A.D  ( Born in Kufa, and died in Baghdad)

A Postage stamp issued by Syria to honour Al-Kindi.

1. Abu Yusuf Ya’qub ibn Ishaq ibn al-Sabbah ibn ‘Imran ibn Isma’il ibn al-Ash’ath ibn Qayis al-Kindi was born in 801 in Kufah, Iraq.

2. He concerned himself not only with those philosophical questions that had been treated by the Aristotelian Neoplatonists of Alexandria but also with such miscellaneous subjects as astrology, medicine, Indian arithmetic, logogriphs, the manufacture of swords, and cooking. He is known to have written more than 270 works (mostly short treatises), a considerable number of which are extant, some in Latin translations.

 3. "Al-Kindi General Hospital" , one of the biggest medical centres in present day Baghdad was named after his tremendous contributions in medical and pharmaceutical sciences

4.In geometry al-Kindi wrote, among other works, on the theory of parallels. He gave a lemma investigating the possibility of exhibiting pairs of lines in the plane which are simultaneously non-parallel and non-intersecting. 

5. Al-Kindi wrote many works on arithmetic which included manuscripts on Indian numbers, the harmony of numbers, lines and multiplication with numbers, relative quantities, measuring proportion and time, and numerical procedures and cancellation. He also wrote on space and time, both of which he believed were finite, 'proving' his assertion with a paradox of the infinite.

Great Muslim Philosopher, Scientist, Mathematician - Al-Kindi.

इन्सनियत का सुनहरा युग!

अस्सलामुअलैकुम प्यारे दोस्तों ! जैसा की आप सब आज देख रहे हैं कि आज मिल्लते इस्लामिया जिस गुरबत और अज्ञानता के दौर से गुज़र रही है , क्या यही सूरतेहाल आज से 1400 साल पहले मौजूद थी ? नहीं | हर एक कौम का एक वक्त उरूज का होता है और इसी तरह उसके ज़वाल का भी वक़्त मुक़र्रर होता है |जब आज से 1400 साल पहले अरब की वादियों में ज्ञान की पुकार हुई थी ठीक उसी वक़्त पूरी दुनिया अज्ञानता के दौर से गुज़र रही थी | अरब के मरुस्थल से एक आवाज़ उठ रही थी की आओ सच्चाई की तरफ , आओ नेकी की तरफ , आओ भलाई की तरफ | उस वक़्त ज्ञान का सितारा अरब के रेगिस्तान से उठा और देखते ही देखते सारी दुनिया में छा गया जिसमें - ईरान , बुखारा , समरकंद, इराक, उन्दुलिस मिस्र मौजूद हैं | इसी वक़्त इस्लाम पूरी दुनिया की सबसे बड़ी ताक़त बन गया, उस दौर को जिसे Medieval पीरियड कहा जाता है (पांचवीं सदी से पंद्रहवीं सदी तक) उस दौर के मुसलमानों ने सियासी यहाँ तक की ज्ञान की उंचाइयों को छू लिया था | उसी दौर ने मुसलामानों में ऐसे विद्वान पैदा किये की उन्हों ने अपनी सलाहियत और सूझ बुझ से सारे आलम को अचरज में डाल दिया था , इन्हीं विद्वानों ने आज के आधुनिक युग को जन्म दिया | इन विद्वानों में - अल-ख्वारज़मी , अल-बैरूनी , इब्न-सीना, उमर खय्याम , इब्न-नफीस , अहमद-बिन-यूसुफ अल-मिसरी, अब्बास इब्न फर्नास , आदि विख्यात हैं | अर्थशास्त्र के विद्वानों में - इमाम अबू हनीफा , इमाम अहमद बिन हंबल , इमाम शाफ़ई , इमाम मालिक , इमाम बुखारी आदि विख्यात हैं | हम अपने आज के दौर पर गौर करें तो हमें पता चलेगा की हम कितने पिछड़ चुके हैं | वह कौम जिसने जंगल की और सेहरा की संस्कृति को मुहज्ज़िब बनाया आज वही इतनी पिछड़ गयी है ? यह कैसे मुमकिन है ? हमें इन बातों पर गहन विचार करने की आवश्यकता है | हमें अब अपने आज को सुधारना है क्योंकि जब हम अपने आज को सुधरेंगे तभी एक बेहतर भविष्य की कल्पना मुमकिन है|

Islamic golden age provided a number of scholars who laid the foundation for a great future.